السبت، 20 أغسطس 2011

cross and plumb line, is an advanced mathematical device


This advanced protractor, similar to the cross and plumb line, is an advanced mathematical device, capable of astronomy, navigation and surveying. It is proposed, that the ancient Egyptian architects and astronomers used this hybrid Celtic cross, for the purposes of stellar alignment and timekeeping.

The proposal and thesis is based upon the discoveries and calculations of the author, whilst working on the proposal that the Celtic cross was an instrument derived from the astrolabe and quadrant. That the Celtic cross was used as a spherical measuring instrument for the purposes of navigation, astronomy, surveying, cartography and time keeping is known. Since there is, and has been, much debate amongst groups of academics over the ancient methods of surveying the pyramids at Giza, we will attempt to address the following questions.

  • How did the ancient architects survey and lay out the constructions?
  • How did the architects achieve alignment?
  • Were the alignments achieved by solar or stellar observation?
  • How did the architects achieve such accuracy?
  • What instrument did they use?


It is known that the ancient Egyptians used plumb line technology in several different areas, particularly in weights and measures. This is depicted in many friezes and was used in surveying, with the instruments known as the Bay and Merkhet. What has not been found to date, is an instrument capable of acting as an inclinometer or modern theodolite / sextant. Not only that, but one that is accurate to degrees and fractions of degrees, which would be necessary for the ancients’ calculations.

Degrees are broken down into minutes and seconds of arc. One minute of arc is equal to one nautical mile on the meridian.

1. The proposal is that the pyramid of Khufu was surveyed with an instrument capable of accuracy to 3 minutes of arc.

2. That the evidence of the use of this instrument, is not only in the constructions, but that the author has found evidence of the actual artifact.

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